For those of us who began our careers before the rise of digital media, GRP was the benchmark to which all media and message dissemination were held. GRP stands for gross rating points. A gross rating point was computed by combining reach (the percentage of the target audience you reached) and frequency (the number of times your message was seen by everyone in your target audience). As an example, if you wanted to reach 50% of your target audience five times, you would need to generate or acquire 250 GRPs. If you wanted to reach 70% of your target audience merely three times, you needed 210 GRPs.
Today, all measurements begin with impressions, and GRPs are no longer utilized as a measuring tool, but the philosophy behind them remains timeless, and highly relevant to today’s planning situations. Here’s what I mean.
Let us start with reach. The concept here is simple. How much of your target audience do you need to reach for your campaign to be deemed successful? Do you need to get to 20%, 40%, or 70%? Keep in mind, this is not how many people you need to convert into viable leads, but how many you need to be able to reach to be able to get to the number of conversions. So, if you need 100 conversions and your conversion rate is 10%, then you need to reach a bare minimum of 1,000 in your target audience.
The reality is that number should be much higher because you have to account for individuals who are not in the consideration set at the time and those who are not reachable via the media vehicle you are using. Not everyone is shopping for shoes today, and not everyone who is shopping for shoes can be found via Google Search or just on one or two social media platforms. And, given how fragmented digital and social media are today, even if you spend a lot of money on Facebook or Instagram, you will only reach a portion of the entire audience. Is there a way to figure out the right reach for a campaign? Yes, and you probably have most of the inputs you need already.
The second number represents frequency. This is the number of times an individual needs to see your message before converting and beginning the sales process. Many organizations will base their decisions on the buying cycle. For example, home coffee brewers purchase ground coffee twice a month. The thought is they need to be exposed to your message at least twice—once for each purchase occasion. Something to keep in mind, though, is this only represents the number of times they need to see your ad or post outside the store. You also need to factor in promotional activity and in-store actions, such as shelf and display presence. Worth noting, of course, is if they are brand loyal, that should suffice; if not, and you want to convert those who are loyal to your competitor, the frequency and exposure to your message needs to be more—like to the tune of 50% more. How do you find the right frequency? Include frequency testing in every plan you develop to discover the magic number. This means aligning media stats with sales reports and having test cells in place to be able to see the difference. It sounds hard, but it really isn’t.
So, you now know how many individuals you want to reach in terms of percentage of your target group and how many messages you need to send them before they decide to work with you. Now you must take these objectives and identify the appropriate media for them. There are a few things to note.
1. Sight, sound, and motion improve responsiveness.
Not all ad units behave similarly. Logically, an ad on a 65″ OLED TV has a greater impact than an ad on your cell phone. So do not assume that an impression on social media has the same weight as one on mainstream television. Plus, streaming, cable, and traditional network TV have one advantage over digital media—they are intrusive. While they can, most people don’t fast forward through ads as much as they swipe past social media posts.
2. Reach and frequency effectiveness require time to build.
When you think about it, this makes perfect sense. Even if you have a large budget, it takes time for all your messages and ads to get served. In most cases, you might start to see peak reach around two weeks into a campaign, but realistically you reach much of your target reach by weeks three and four. And as for frequency, yes, those that consume a particular media heavily will see a post or ad with greater frequency sooner than the average or low users. But again, those average to low users are extremely important, and you don’t want to shortchange them. So, like reach, frequency takes time to build.
3. An integrated campaign is more likely to help you reach your goals than using only a handful of media options. There are two reasons:
No media vehicle can reach your whole target audience. (For those of you who will lift your phone and exclaim, “Everyone is on their phone, duh.” Yes, but that does not imply that everyone uses it in the same manner or has the same feeds. So, if you want to reach more of your audience, you will need multiple media vehicles. Consider each media vehicle a pearl, with the purpose of stringing enough of them together to make the impression you want.
Each media vehicle has unique strengths. For example, audio, whether broadcast radio or streaming, is a frequency medium. Audiences are small but loyal. Radio and audio streaming will allow you to deliver your message to them multiple times. Network television can be a more effective reach medium if the programming is geared for a broad audience.
So, to summarize. When creating your communication strategies, keep in mind how many individuals you need to reach out to and interact with, as well as how many times you need to message them to receive the desired reaction. You do not want to fall short of your goals because you did not reach out to enough people or communicate with them frequently enough. Keep in mind that not every product or service you promote will require the same level of reach and frequency. As always, rigorous analysis will guide you in the proper direction. Accurately documenting outcomes and incorporating them into your planning process, as well as consistently testing for reach and frequency, will maximize the success of your efforts.